This paper investigates legislation in parliamentary and semi-presidential democracies where the legislature and the president have formal role in legislation. A proposed law is …rst voted in the legislature and if it passes, comes to the consideration of the president. I study two prevalent legislative procedures: (i) Single-round legislation where the president’s action is …nal, (ii) Two-roun...

In this paper, the writers try to compare two authors, the Iranian leftist, Bozorg Alavi (1904-1997) and the Polish Joseph Conrad (1857-1924). Although these two writers have different attitudes to Socialism and the question of revolution, both share Romantic idealism and a tragic sense of personal and social life. Moreover, they both are precursors of modernist novel in their countries, and sh...

Nowadays, architecture tends to follow the Modernist values that neglect design languages inherited from cultures of past. This tendency leads separation present and past threatens cultural continuity. research aims achieve continuity in contemporary by developing a new architectural language based on cosmogenic patterns pre-Modernism create buildings preserve ideas architecture. The used two c...