The Monte Carlo (MC) method has been widely used to solve radiative transfer problems due to its flexibility and simplicity in simulating the energy transport process in arbitrary geometries with complex boundary conditions. However, the major drawback of the conventional (or forward) Monte Carlo method is the long computational time for converged solution. Reverse or backward Monte Carlo (RMC)...

The general-purpose self-adapting Monte Carlo (MC) event generator/simulator mFOAM (standing for mini-FOAM) is a new compact version of the FOAM program, with a slightly limited functionality with respect to its parent version. On the other hand, mFOAM is easier to use for the average user. This new version is fully integrated with the ROOT package, the C++ utility library used widely in the pa...

Markov chains are among the simplest stochastic processes, just one step beyond iid sequences of random variables. Traditionally they’ve been used in modelling a variety of physical phenomena, but recently interest has grown enormously due to their applicability in facilitating Bayesian computation. These lecture notes and lectures are intended to introduce the elements of markov chain theory, ...

background: inclusion of inhomogeneity corrections in intensity modulated small fields always makes conformal irradiation of lung tumor very complicated in accurate dose delivery. objective: in the present study, the performance of five algorithms via monte carlo, pencil beam, convolution, fast superposition and superposition were evaluated in lung cancer intensity modulated radiotherapy planni...

Background: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been shown as a good radiosensitizer. In combination with radiotherapy, several studies with orthovoltage X-rays have shown considerable dose enhancement effects. This paper reports the dose enhancement factor (DEF) due to GNPs in 18 megavoltage (MV) beams. Materials and Methods: Different geometrical 50-nm GNPs configurations at a concentrati...

Background: The Monte Carlo (MC) method is not only used for dose calculations around brachytherapy sources but also for benchmarking treatment planning systems (TPS) calculations. Materials and Methods: Three 60Co sources of GZP6 brachytherapy unit were simulated using MCNP4C MC Code. The radial dose functions were calculated by MC method and GZP6 TPS and were compared. Results: There was a go...