The language of relation algebras is expanded with variables denoting individual elements in the domain and with the ↓ binder from hybrid logic. Every elementary property of binary relations is expressible in the resulting language, something which fails for the relation algebraic language. That the new language is natural for speaking about binary relations is indicated by the fact that both C...

This research assesses the effects of mycotoxins regulations on international trade flows. Mycotoxins regulations reflected in the mandatory maximum residue limits impose costs on the producers that could take the form of both variable and fixed costs. Little empirical research exists on the effects of food safety regulations on international trade flows. The same holds true for the assessment ...

Because of an elevated serum phosphate level, patients who suffer from chronic kidney failure frequently tend to have cardiovascular calcification and are therefore exposed to a higher probability of a fatal event. Phosphate binders are able to reduce these negative effects. Currently, there are primarily two groups of phosphate binders (calcium-containing and calcium-free phosphate binders) wh...

In normal serum, saline dialysis for 48 hours in Visking casing resulted in folate clearance closely comparable to that produced by haemoglobin-coated charcoal adsorption, except in kwashiorkor where charcoal removed a greater proportion of folate. Pre- and post-dialysis values probably represented total and bound folate, respectively. Urinary folate consisted almost exclusively of dialyzable o...

BACKGROUND Phosphate binders, such as lanthanum carbonate, control elevated serum-phosphate levels in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Lanthanum carbonate is available in oral powder and tablet form. The aim of this survey was to investigate satisfaction with, preference for, and adherence to lanthanum carbonate oral powder in patients with ESRD. SCOPE Patients from France and Sp...

In most countries general legislation on food (and feed) prohibits the sale of products containing poisonous or harmful substances, which would include relevant mycotoxins as well. So far only aflatoxin has been dealt with specifically in legislation. The aflatoxin control may include all foods (and feeds) but is limited in most countries to certain commodities likely to be heavily contaminated...

Contamination of cereal commodities by moulds and mycotoxins results in dry matter, quality, and nutritional losses and represents a significant hazard to the food chain. Most grain is harvested, dried and then stored on farm or in silos for medium/long term storage. Cereal quality is influenced by a range of interacting abiotic and biotic factors. In the so-called stored grain ecosystem, facto...

Higher-order logical frameworks provide a powerful technology to reason about object languages with binders. This will be demonstrated for the case of the-calculus with two diierent binders which can most elegantly be represented using a third-order constant. Since cases of third-and higher-order encodings are very rare in comparison with those of second order, a second-order representation is ...

Calcium supplementation has been considered the gold standard therapy for osteoporosis in the general population. It is given in both the placebo and treatment groups of trials evaluating antifracture efficacy of new therapies. Similarly, calcium-based phosphate binders have been considered the gold standard comparator for all new phosphate binders. However, large randomized trials demonstrate ...