This paper examines the economic effects of investment in developing and introducing Almond Late Flowering Cultivars (ALFC) in a period of 52 years from 1968 to 2020, developed in Sahand Horticultural Research Station (SHRS), using the economic surplus model and field survey data. ALFC make almond supply curve move less to the left when there is a chilling case, thus affect the economic surplus...

INTRODUCTION Local, state, and national health policy makers require information on the economic burden of oral disease and the cost-effectiveness of oral health programs to set policies and allocate resources. In this study, we estimate the cost savings associated with community water fluoridation programs (CWFPs) in Colorado and potential cost savings if Colorado communities without fluoridat...

background tuberculosis (tb) is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to hiv/aids). roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with m. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. people with active tb can infect 10-15 other people through close contact over the course of a year. materials a...

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) account for about 1.7 million infections and 99,000 deaths in the United States each year. This number represents 4.5 infections for every 100 hospital admissions.1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) March 2009 report on the direct medical costs of HAIs estimates that $35.7 to $45 billion in 2007 dollars is added to the nation’s annual h...

Invasions of nonnative species such as zebra mussels can have both ecological and economic consequences. The economic impacts of zebra mussels have not been examined in detail since the mid-1990s. The purpose of this study was to quantify the annual and cumulative economic impact of zebra mussels on surface water-dependent drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities (where...