about half a century ago, following the introduction of urban sprawl up concept, various studies have been conducted to describe the mechanism and the formation of this phenomenon. some of these studies aimed at finding the negative and positive impacts of such phenomenon on urban area with emphasis on how such concept may be looked open from environmental, economical and social perspectives.th...

water is an important element and plays a vital role in the formation and survival of natural, economical and social systems in dry climates. thus, there is a significant necessity to present an optimal method for utilization of water resources in these regions. constructing dams has been a prevalent method for exploitation of water shed resources for a long time which has positive and negative...

1. introduction any development with any quantity or quality degree has particular environmental impacts. human manipulation in natural environment does not necessarily mean making changes in initial environment. continuity of human action in the changing natural conditions, which could eventually disrupt the balance of existing environment or causes unintended and unforeseen consequences as cu...

Overall, there are impacts of mass media on public health issues. However, whether the impacts are positive or negative, effective or ineffective, rely very much on a wise use of health communication tactics and a close collaboration with various parties including public health specialists, media gatekeepers as well as the target audiences etc. This paper attempts to discuss whether health comm...

Drug misuse has significant impacts on families and communities and is a major concern for Australia. The misuse of licit drugs (such as alcohol and tobacco) continues to have the most significant negative impacts, but the use of illicit drugs is also a contributing factor in ill-health, injuries, violence and criminal behaviour, workplace problems and the disruption of family, community and th...

Results 158 potentially relevant papers were published between 1973 and 2014; 85 primary research studies and 10 reviews were included. These addressed 5 themes: risks to patients, patient experience, risks to staff, staff experience and impact on the organisation of work. Evidence of the effects of 12-hour shift patterns is inconclusive in all 5 themes, with some studies demonstrating positive...

HIA is based on the theory of health determinants, which recognizes that well-being is determined by a wide range of economic, social and environmental factors, by heredity and medical intervention. The intended HIA procedure represents a new approach to the evaluation of all cantonal policies in order to assess their potential health impacts and to improve the quality of governmental decision ...

Although transport is an activity fundamental to society, it is also accepted that it has negative impacts on human life. The problem for society and policy is how to promote and sustain economic growth while reducing the environmental impacts. This article argues that, although this is recognised, the response of society so far is inadequate to solve these problems. Large scale changes in tran...

Crude oil fouling of the equipment surfaces is a troublesome issue which leads to operating difficulties, economic penalties, increased environmental impacts, and health and safety hazards in petroleum industry. With a rough estimation, a minimum cost of equal to 4 million barrels of oil/year is required to be invested to offset the costs of crude oil fouling in Pre-heat Trains of Iranian oil r...