"In this paper, [the authors] examine the effects of likely demographic changes on medical spending for the elderly. Standard forecasts highlight the potential for greater life expectancy to increase costs: medical costs generally increase with age, and greater life expectancy means that more of the elderly will be in the older age groups. Two factors work in the other direction, however. First...

Dynamical systems described by equations of motion with the first-order time derivative (dissipative) terms of even and odd powers, and coefficients varying either in time or in space, are considered. Methods to obtain standard and nonstandard Lagrangians are presented and used to identify classes of equations of motion that admit a Lagrangian description. It is shown that there are two general...

An approach for systematically modifying the semantics of programming languages by semantics modifiers is described. Semantics modifiers are a class of programs that allow the development of general and reusable “semantics components”. Language independence is achieved through the interpretive approach: an interpreter serves as a mediator between the new language and the language for which the ...

We focus on non-standard usages of common words on social media. In the context of social media, words sometimes have other usages that are totally different from their original. In this study, we attempt to distinguish non-standard usages on social media from standard ones in an unsupervised manner. Our basic idea is that nonstandardness can be measured by the inconsistency between the expecte...

We study the problem of quadruple extensions of simple Lie algebras. We find that, adding a new simple root α+4, it is not possible to have an extended Kac-Moody algebra described by a Dynkin-Kac diagram with simple links and no loops between the dots, while it is possible if α+4 is a Borcherds imaginary simple root. We also comment on the root lattices of these new algebras. The folding proced...