This paper attempts to answer the following question: If the HIPC Initiative is fully successful and managed to write-off all debt that is owed by Africa, will the debt problem be over? The answer is ‘no’. This pessimist answer is arrived at by examining the historical origin of African debt and the structural problems the continent is confronted with. The literature about the origins of the Af...

In September of 2000 the UK experienced a blockade of oil refineries in response to rising fuel prices. These protests resulted in severe fuel supply disruptions that intensified over the course of about one week. During the peak of the crisis, travel activity by car was curtailed. This paper analyzes survey data collected about two months after the crisis utilizing the recent memory of respond...

This article argues the global environmental crisis shows the need for a broad, inclusive definition of sustainability. It shows how religious traditions can help contribute to broader definitions, and describes how work from the field of Religion and Ecology has developed resources. It argues that the next step for the study of Religion and Ecology is to address sustainability, and then propos...

The paper deals with the issue of financial efficiency, measured by arithmetic rate return, indirect investments in area strategic raw materials (hard coal, copper, crude oil) Two forms were analyzed: shares natural resources companies listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange and futures contracts for commodities: hard copper oil time analysis is first 6 months 2019 2020 year was regarded as an period e...

The energy sector has been the main economic hub in everyone’s lives and world geopolitics. Consequently, oil, gas, electricity from renewable sources (wind solar) are traded on stock market, all interconnected around world. On other hand, a global health crisis, such as COVID-19, can produce great catastrophe. In this scenario, robust statistical analysis will be performed here with respect to...

Everything that was true until recently is no longer valid. Russia’s war against Ukraine has consequences for the entire world. In particular, low-income countries and need to import food energy have been plunged into crisis. Food, oil gas exporters, on other hand, benefit. African are experiencing negative effects even more than regions of Following pandemic climate crisis, Africa once again b...

Current accounts of spatial cyberinfrastructure development tend to overemphasize technologies to the neglect of critical social and cultural issues on which adoption depends. Spatial cyberinfrastructures will have a higher chance of success if users of many types, including nonprofessionals, are made central to the development process. Recent studies in the history of infrastructures reveal ke...