INTRODUCTION The presence of microorganisms in pharmaceuticals is undesirable because they may cause spoilage of the product and may present an infection hazard to the consumers or patients. METHODOLOGY A total of 102 samples of oral and topical non-sterile pharmaceutical products were collected at random from different drug houses and pharmacies in Iraq, to investigate the microbial contamin...

sunflower downy mildew, caused by plasmopara halstedii, is one of the most important diseases of this crop in west-azarbaijan, urmia. it causes economic yield losses during favorable environmental conditions. the pathogen is a polycyclic one, and it is likely that physiological changes occur in its population and subsequent appearance of new physiological races. hence, identification of the exi...

background: emergence klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to quinolone antibiotics due to mutations in gyra and parc genes created problem for treatment of patients in different hospitals in iran. the objective of this study was to determine the amino acid substitutions of gyra and parc proteins in certain clonal lineages of the k. pneumoniae conferring high level quinolone resistance. methods: one...

The spread of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in the clinical environment has begun to pose serious limits to treatment options. Yet virtually nothing is known about how resistance traits are acquired in vivo. Here, we apply the power of whole-genome sequencing to identify steps in the evolution of multidrug resistance in isogenic S. aureus isolates recovered periodical...

Reports of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals have become more frequent in recent years. This paper documents the recovery of MRSA from animals with respiratory, urinary tract or wound infection and from animals subjected to surgical procedures following treatment in one veterinary hospital and 16 private veterinary clinics in different geographical locations througho...

Endophytic bacteria are known to influence vital activities of host plants. Endophytes can promote plant growth and provide a defense response against pathogens. The use endophytes in crop production has the potential reduce application fertilizer pesticide input thus improve sustainability production. In this study, we investigated effects seed inoculation with non-native endophytic bacteria, ...