Objectives: Swas Kas Chintamani Ras (SKC) is an ayurvedic preparation indicated for respiratory diseases. Our study was aimed to determine the psychopharmacological and neurosafety profile of SKC. Materials and Methods: Psychopharmacological effects and neurosafety profile of this drug were determined by nine complementary test methods namely, open field, locomotor activity, hole cross, hole bo...

Introduction: Several studies have reported anti-anxiety effects of morphine in adult rats. The present study examined the effect of chronic morphine injections in infancy and before puberty on anxiety-like behavior in immature rats. Methods: Neonate rats (n=35) were randomly chosen and divided into two groups. On postnatal days 8-14, one group received saline and the other one received mor...

Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder is a severe anxiety disorder caused by exposure to traumatic events. The aim of this study was to induce PTSD in rats and examine the effect of WIN55-212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on anxiety. Methods: SPS&S model was used to induce PTSD in 56 male Wistar rats. Rats were restrained for 2 h, immediately followed by forced swimming for 20 mi...

Cholecystokinin (CCK) as an important neuropeptide in the brain has been implicated in the modulation of anxiety. The effects of this neurotransmitter on anxiety-like behavior in the ventral hippocampus have not been evaluated yet. Moreover, some evidences show a functional interaction between GABA and CCK in the nervous system. Bilateral injections of three doses of CCK8s (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 μ...

RATIONALE Today, there is relatively no debate on the notion that NMDA receptor antagonist agents in the hippocampus induce anxiolytic-like effects through distinct mechanisms. There is also a bulk of studies showing the involvement of the dopaminergic system in NMDA induced behaviors. Thus, on the basis of the involvement of dopaminergic system in anxiety-related behaviors, the present study a...

1. The important role of the cannabinoid system in the modulation of anxiety like behaviours in clinical and experimental studies has been proposed. However, investigations into this effect of cannabinoids has produced contradictory results. It has been reported that different neurotransmitters, such as nitric oxide (NO), are involved in the behavioural effects of cannabinoids. The hippocampus ...

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor agonist, NMDA, on anxiety-like behavior induced by δ-opioid receptor agents in rats, using the elevated plus maze instrument. The dorsal hippocampus (CA1) is known to play an important role in anxiety formation and modulation. Bilateral administration of different doses of δ-opioid receptor...

Stress is known to precipitate neuropsychiatric diseases, and depending upon its nature and intensity it can also influence the functioning of the immune system. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine) a pineal gland hormone and potent antioxidant is known to protect against many diseases. Effect of melatonin in stress-induced neuro-immunomodulation is not well elucidated. Therefore in the pr...