A procurement decision about a CRM system is heavily influenced by the initial purchase cost rather than the effect of the operating cost and utilization over the lifetime. In this paper, we propose a Cost of Ownership (COO) model for a CRM system which takes into account not only the initial cost, but also the operation cost, and the opportunity cost due to customer mismanagement over a life-c...

In a supplier-retailer-buyer supply chain, the supplier frequently offers the retailer a trade credit of  periods, and the retailer in turn provides a trade credit of  periods to her/his buyer to stimulate sales and reduce inventory. From the seller’s perspective, granting trade credit increases sales and revenue but also increases opportunity cost (i.e., the capital opportunity loss during cre...

Background: Opportunity cost is a loss caused by either income or other activities that are not carried out and can potentially be lost due to waiting for prescription services. In the hospitals in Surabaya, it known that, time patient services utilize national health insurance outpatient pharmacies exceeds minimum service standards. Aims: analyse opportunity of patients utilizing National Heal...

This paper presents a vendor-buyer integrated inventory model. This paper considers the problem of a vendor and buyer integrated production inventory model for the vendor and the buyer optimization model under quality improvement investment and setup cost reduction in the production system such that the total profit is maximized. The relationship between demand and price is considered as a line...