The distinction between subjective and objective risk tolerance is illustrated by expected utility analyses of portfolios. Optimal portfolios were derived for one, 5, and 20 year investment horizons for 6 major financial asset categories. The important aspects of objective risk tolerance are the proportion of an investor's total wealth (including human wealth) in financial assets, and the inves...

One of the most visible manifestations of recent efforts to develop a more active and empowered role for both community groups and citizens in the justice process can be seen in the recent emergence of a variety of informal community decisionmaking models now being implemented with some frequency throughout North America and the world. This paper examines restorative conferencing as a case stud...

This study focuses on ad hoc conferencing in the IMS, and particularly on the security issues. As in the Internet, conference servers, which in IMS are the AS/MRFC, make it easy to set up and manage ad hoc conferences in IMS. The user data is sent to mixers, which convert the encoding as needed for each participant. As the IMS core network mostly is based on the IETF standards for Internet, par...

This article surveys approaches to teleconferencing in voice over IP networks. The considerations for conferencing include perceived quality, scalability, control, and compatibility. Architectures used for conferencing range from centralized bridges to full mesh. Centralized conference bridges used with compressed speech degrade speech quality when multiple talkers are mixed and subjected to ta...

Abstract Elementary portfolio theory implies that environmentalists optimally hold more shares of polluting firms than non-environmentalists, and attract investment capital otherwise identical non-polluting through a hedging channel. Pigouvian taxation can reverse the aggregate results, but still overweight polluters. We introduce countervailing motives for to underweight polluters, comparing i...

This specification defines conferencing call control features for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). This document builds on the Conferencing Requirements and Framework documents to define how a tightly coupled SIP conference works. The approach is explored from the perspective of different user agent (UA) types: conferenceunaware, conference-aware, and focus UAs. The use of Uniform Resourc...

The gaining returns in line with risks is always a major concern for market play-ers. This study compared the selection of stock portfolios based on the strategy of buying and retaining winning stocks and the purchase strategy based on the level of investment risks. In this study, the two-step optimization algorithms NSGA-II and SPEA-II were used to optimize the stock portfolios. In order to de...