b a ckground: the present study was designed to investigate the insecticidal efficacy of four different classes of in-secticides: pyrethroids, organophosphates, phenyl-pyrazoles and neo-nicotenoids. one representative chemical from each class was selected to compare the toxicity: deltamethrin from pyrethroids, dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (ddvp) from organophosphates, fipronil from phenyl-p...

Cereal aphids, including the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, and grain Sitobion avenae, can transmit viruses that significantly reduce crop yields. To mitigate against yield losses, insecticides are routinely used to manage aphid populations. Aphids form relationships with endosymbionts confer fitness benefits or consequences aphid. Recent artificial inoculation experiments indicate ...