.................................................................................................8 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................10 REVIEW OF LITERATURE......................................................................12 1. Chemical structure and biotransformation of pyrethroids .................................12 2. Acut...

Deltamethrin and Fenvalerate are synthetic pyrethroids insecticides. There are many applications for pyrethroids, increasingly ranging from agricultural uses to home pest control, with a probability to contaminate aquatic environments. During exposure to solar natural light, pyrethroids are broken down and produced photoproducts in environment. In this work the photodegradation and environmenta...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Pyrethroids are widely used for the control of pests and insects, as pyrethroids are believed to pose little risk to human health and environment. However, exposure to the pyrethroids exceeding the label directions might adversely affect human health and environment. Hence a careful selection of environment friendly household product is required that must contain exactl...

Pyrethroid insecticides have been used for more than 40 years and account for 25% of the worldwide insecticide market. Although their acute neurotoxicity to adults has been well characterized, information regarding the potential developmental neurotoxicity of this class of compounds is limited. There is a large age dependence to the acute toxicity of pyrethroids in which neonatal rats are at le...

Pyrethroids are synthetic organic compounds synthesized from chrysanthemum flowers that are used extensively as household and commercial insecticides. The keto-alocoholic esters of chrysanthemic and pyrethroic acid being lipophilic are responsible for its insecticidal properties. Pyrethroids are broadly classified into first and second generation pyrethroids. The first generation (Type 1) pyret...

Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals similar to pyrethrins in the pyrethrum extract which is obtained from Chrysanthemum plant. Historically, pyrethroids have been classified into two classes that differ in their chemical structure and symptoms of exposure: Type I pyrethroids include allethrin, tetramethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin, and bioresmethrin. Type II pyrethroids include cypermethrin, c...

Pyrethroid insecticides bind to voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and modify their gating kinetics, thereby disrupting neuronal function. Pyrethroids have also been reported to alter the function of other channel types, including activation of voltage-gated calcium channels. Therefore, the present study compared the ability of 11 structurally diverse pyrethroids to evoke Ca(2+) influx in pr...

Pyrethroid insecticides have been used to control pests in agriculture, forestry, horticulture, public health and for indoor home use for more than 20 years. Because pyrethroids were considered to be a safer alternative to organophosphate pesticides (OPs), their applications significantly increased when the use of OPs was banned or limited. Although, pyrethroids have agricultural benefits, thei...

Carboxylesterases hydrolyze a large array of endogenous and exogenous ester-containing compounds, including pyrethroid insecticides. Herein, we report the specific activities and kinetic parameters of human carboxylesterase (hCE)-1 and hCE-2 using authentic pyrethroids and pyrethroid-like, fluorescent surrogates. Both hCE-1 and hCE-2 hydrolyzed type I and II pyrethroids with strong stereoselect...