The world spends more than $500m on long-lasting Insecticidal nets (LLINs) every year; it is the largest single item in the global malaria control budget. A number of agencies have recently expressed interest in exploring how value-for-money in this market could be improved. The WHO Global Malaria Programme has therefore developed a system for reducing the cost-per-year of LLIN coverage. The pr...

milligram. As representatives in the British Empire "of the Radium Beige (Union Miniere du Haut Katanga), we would like to have an opportunity of correcting this statement. Previous to the discovery of the rich ores in the Belgian Congo, the standard price for radium element was $110 per milligram, and this price was reduced following the production of radium from the Congo ore to $70, equivale...

Do switching costs reduce or intensify price competition in markets where firms charge the same price to old and new consumers? The answer is theoretically ambiguous because a firm prefers to charge a higher price to previous purchasers who are “locked-in” and a lower price to unattached consumers who offer higher future profitability. 800-number portability provides empirical evidence to deter...

This paper develops hedging strategies for an electricity distributor in the Nordic electricity market who manages price and volume risk from fixed price agreements on stochastic electricity load. Whereas the distributor trades in the spot market at area prices, the financial contracts used for hedging are settled against the system price. Both the area price and the system price are correlated...

AIM To compare alcohol purchasing and consumption by ill drinkers in Edinburgh with wider alcohol sales in Scotland. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Two hospitals in Edinburgh in 2008/09. PARTICIPANTS A total of 377 patients with serious alcohol problems; two-thirds were in-patients with medical, surgical or psychiatric problems due to alcohol; one-third were out-patients. MEASUREMENTS ...

This paper examines the impact of two popular solid waste programs on the percent recycled of several different materials found in the residential solid waste stream. We examine a unique, national, household-level data set containing information on the percent recycled of five different materials: glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum, newspaper, and yard waste. We find that access to curbsi...

Soft computing is a powerful tool that is suited to handle complex problems of modelling and optimisation. The relationships between fibres, production parameters and spinning results are such an example. The relationships can be modelled using neural networks, learning classifier systems and memory based learning. A comparison is made of these techniques with the traditional statistical regres...

The main disadvantage of biodiesel is its high price. The price of biodiesel depends on various factors such as the price of oil, methanol, catalyst, and labor. Among dif-ferent economic factors, oil accounts for the largest share of input costs of biodiesel production. In this study, first, suitable heterogeneous catalysts were identified for biodiesel production. Several studies were carried ...

The determination of practical and coherent policy to pin down the price in restructured distribution networks should be considered as a momentous topic. The present paper introduces a new method of distribution marginal price (DMP) calculation. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the DMP for both producers and consumers separately. For this purpose, the first part of the procedure emphas...