This review article extends previous scientific definitions of the biofield (endogenous energy fields of the body) to include nonclassical and quantum energy fields. The biofield is defined further in terms of its functional property to act as a resonance target for external forms of energy used as treatment modalities in energy medicine. The functional role of the biofield in the body's innate...

BACKGROUND In Tanzania, HIV-1 RNA testing is rarely available and not standard of care. Determining virologic failure is challenging and resistance mutations accumulate, thereby compromising second-line therapy. We evaluated durability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and predictors of virologic failure among a pediatric cohort at four-year follow-up. METHODS This was a prospective cross-secti...

BACKGROUND Serum HBV RNA is detectable during nucleoside/nucleotide analogue therapy as a result of unaffected RNA replicative intermediates or interrupted reverse transcription. We studied the predictive value of serum HBV RNA for initial virological response during nucleoside analogue therapy. METHODS Serum HBV RNA was quantified before and at 12 and 24 weeks of lamivudine or entecavir ther...

Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies have revolutionised the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV). The financial cost of DAAs however is significant, and first generation protease inhibitors (PIs) also require frequent monitoring of viral RNA levels to guide treatment. In this context, we examined the relevance of HCV antigen testing to evaluate the potential role in monitoring virological r...

Aim Antisense molecules targeting HIV-1 RNA have the potential to be used as part of combination gene or drug therapy to treat HIV-1 infection to reach a functional or complete cure. Only a small number of extremely active molecules currently exist and a treatment option has not yet been identified in clinical trials. We have previously developed new hepatitis delta virus (HDV)-derived ribozyme...

BACKGROUND Tests for resistance to HIV drugs are available for clinical use; however, their predictive value has not been fully assessed. OBJECTIVES To determine HIV-1 genotypic predictors of a virologic response to saquinavir-ritonavir therapy in patients in whom at least one previous protease inhibitor-containing regimen had failed and to compare the predictive value of baseline genotype wi...

social phobia is characterized by a fear of negative evaluation within social or performance situations, where individuals believe that they are under scrutiny and may be embarrassed (american psychiatric association, 2013). the present study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy on decreasing fears of scrutiny by others in patients with ...