The welfare and security of modern nations rely on the continuous production and distribution of a number of essential goods (e.g. water, energy, data), and services (e.g. banking, health care), by large scale, man-made, networked systems, called infrastructures, mostly spanning long distances, and privately owned or operated. Such infrastructures are termed critical, as any incapacity or destr...

In Nigeria, the factories ACTS of 1955, came into force on 1st September 1956, the factories (Amendment) ordinance, 1458, which came into operation on 1st April, 1959 made slight changes in some section of the original Act. And again in 1984, yet more changes were made in the factories Act. The factory Act lays down in general terms the minimum standard for safety, health and welfare of factory...

In recent years, robots that coexist with human are under active researches. Such robots need high safety, backdriveability, large generative force, high speed response, good controllability, and so on. We have put emphasis on the backdriveability and created a novel prototype linear actuator with an ER (Electro-Rheological) gel, a new functional material. It is an all-purpose actuator satisfyi...

How to set policy in the presence of uncertainty has been central in debates over climate policy. Concern about costs has motivated the proposal for a cap-and-trade program for carbon dioxide, with a “safety valve” that would mitigate against spikes in the cost of emission reductions by introducing additional emission allowances into the market when marginal costs rise above the specified allow...

1. Limits of exposure to radiofrequency fields at frequencies from 10 kHz – 300 GHz: safety code 6 Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare; 1991. Cat. no H46-2/90-160. Available: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/rpb 2. Environmental health criteria 137: electromagnetic fields (300 Hz – 300 GHz). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993. Also available from the Canadian Public Health Association, 400–15...

Several factors are influencing the poultry production and health such as strong global competition; changes in social, political consumer perceptions with regard to food safety, animal welfare environmental protection.
 The loss of confidence trust quality safety meat products will remain a continuous major challenge. Many human foodborne infections linked poultry. Control and/or eliminat...

Animal welfare considerations are becoming increasingly important for farming of animals, both in Tunisia and internationally. Practices which may have once been deemed acceptable are now being reassessed in the light of new knowledge and changing attitudes. And a clearly defined concept of welfare is needed for use in precise scientific measurements. If animal welfare is to be compared in diff...

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the keystone of European Union (EU) risk assessment for food and feed safety. In collaboration with national authorities and in consultation with its stakeholders, EFSA provides independent scientific advice and information about existing and emerging risks. Assessing biological risks at the human-animal interface is becoming ever more challenging be...