In the early 60’s Professor Bar-Hillel and his co-workers published a series of seminal papers on formal grammars, their mathematical properties and linguistic adequacy. Many of these papers appear in Bar-Hillel 1964. One of their papers was on categorial grammars and phrase structure grammars (Bar-Hillel, Galfman, and Shamir 1960). In this paper they showed that categorial grammars are weakly ...

In this paper, two different ways of introducing alternation for lattice-valued (referred to as {L}valued)  regular tree grammars and {L}valued top-down tree automata are compared. One is the way which defines the alternating regular tree grammar, i.e., alternation is governed by the non-terminals of the grammar and the other is the way which combines state with alternation. The first way is ta...

abstract this study was an attempt to investigate the effect of collaborative form-focused activities on grammar learning of elementary efl learners. to this end, 58 adult male iranian efl learners at elementary level of proficiency in three classes of language institutes were chosen. they formed the three groups of the study. the grammar section of cambridge michigan placement test was used to...

Owing to the complex nature of English Grammar, teachers language and linguistics face many challenges when teaching Grammar. Besides, it is difficult for students master grammar structures though in Albania try hard make as engaging possible but through traditional approach. The approach techniques have produced ineffective learning inert knowledge problems. However, alternative approaches, es...

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