A case of acute esotropia with bilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction in a 4-year-old boy with a posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma is reported. After tumor excision, the esotropia and oblique dysfunction resolved. Acute esotropia with bilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction without abducens palsy is an unusual sign of brain stem mass.

Extraocular muscle (EOM) paths during asymmetrical convergence were evaluated by tri-planar, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits of eight young adults during binocular fixation of a target aligned to one eye at 800 and 15 cm distance. Cross sections and paths of EOMs were determined from area centroids. In convergence, the aligned eye rotated and translated negligibly, wh...

I n t e rnational scholars have addressed various issues related to superior oblique palsy (SOP) many times in recent years owing to its epidemiologic relevance (1-3). Recently, it has been recognized as a leading cause of anomalous head posture in the pediatric age group (4). In this issue, two studies analyze the results of inferior oblique (IO) weakening pro c e d u res in the treatment of S...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To determine the diagnostic utility of the three-step test in unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP) according to the presence of the trochlear nerve using high-resolution thin-section magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS In total, 166 patients with congenital and acquired unilateral SOP were included, comprising 87 with a normal trochlear nerve (present group) and 79 w...

Using the magnetic search coil technique, we measured horizontal, vertical, and torsional rotations of both eyes of two patients with idiopathic superior oblique myokymia, and of the affected eye in a third patient. Superior oblique myokymia was strictly monocular and consisted of an initial intorsion and depression of the affected eye and subsequent oscillations with torsional and vertical com...

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is associated with ocular and systemic anomalies. PITX2 is known to be a major controlling gene in the pathogenesis of ARS and is associated with differentiation in both the neural crest and mesoderm during eye development. A 4-year-old girl with bilateral ARS had 20 prism diopters (PD) of exotropia with 30PD of A- pattern deviation, more than 20PD of dissociated ...

background: alterations in the neuromuscular control of the spine were found in patients with chronic low back pain (clbp). sudden loading of the spine is assumed to be the cause of approximately 12% of lower back injuries. however, some aspects of this problem, such as alterations in the sensory–motor control of the spine, remain questionable. this study investigated postural and neuro–motor c...