EBITDA is a commonly used performance measure for (1) valuation, (2) debt contracting, and (3) executive compensation. The widespread use of EBITDA by stakeholders may induce managers to focus EBITDA as well. Since EBITDA excludes various expenses, managers who focus on EBITDA may underweight those costs when investing in capital and choosing leverage levels. I proxy for managers’ focus on EBIT...

Bullwhip effect is a widespread and serious problem in supply chain management, both domestic and foreign scholars studied and came to a conclusion consistently: That the main functions that cause bullwhip effect are need forecasts, batches ordering, and fluctuations in price, rational decisionmaking, and time deferment and in coordination, supply chain structure. Many scholars have done quanti...

Resource planning in large-scale construction projects has been a complicated management issue requiring mechanisms to facilitate decision making for managers. In the present study, a computer-aided simulation model is developed based on concurrent control of resources and revenue/expenditure. The proposed method responds to the demand of resource management and scheduling in shell material emb...

The Wisdom of the Crowd advocates that decisions collectively made by a diverse crowd could be better than those made by an elite group of experts. The Wisdom of the Crowd puts preconditions on this to work correctly. This concerns the diversity of the crowd, their independence from each other, their decentralisation, and the methods of aggregating their distributed knowledge and forming collec...

Small and medium enterprises play a significant role in economic and industrial development in the developed and developing countries. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the key factors in the effective of growth enterprises. The statistical population of this study according to assessment of Agri-Bank of the Semnan Province includes the managers of enterprises in agricultural sec...