Introduction: Sub-chronic swim stress is known to induce a prolonged hyperalgesia, which is mediated through NMDA and opioid systems. Nitric oxide is a soluble gas, which acts as a retrograde messenger that modulates the release of mentioned neurotransmitters. It is also involved in nociception and memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NO pathway in nociception and memory...

Stress and chronic pain have been shown to prevent the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia, which appears to be related to neuroendocrine activity and alternation in neurochemicals. Also the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in tolerance to morphine analgesia. In our pervious study, we showed that co-administration of swim stress (ss) with chronic morphine, prevent...

Closely related species can exhibit different behaviours despite homologous neural substrates. The nudibranch molluscs Tritonia diomedea and Melibe leonina swim differently, yet their nervous systems contain homologous serotonergic neurons. In Tritonia, the dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) are members of the swim central pattern generator (CPG) and their neurotransmitter serotonin is both necess...

The article presents materials on optimizing the conditions for growing pike-perch during larval period of development in an artificially created environment. problems associated with complexity embryonic and post-embryonic development, transition larvae from endogenous to exogenous food, their rearing artificial feed, causes cannibalism have been described. goal was obtain analyze results clos...

We investigated reports from commercial fishers of parasitized American eels (Anguilla rostrata) in the Patuxent River (located in the mid-Chesapeake Bay) and discovered that some eels were infected with an exotic swim bladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus. Here, we (1) describe the dispersal of this blood-feeding nematode, endemic to the Japanese eel (A. japonica), in Europe and North America...