Standardizing the measurement tools that researchers use to assess the effectiveness of interventions would strengthen our ability to compare results across studies. In practice, however, standardization is difficult to implement, in part, because researchers prefer to use measurement tools that focus specifically on the components of their interventions. This paper demonstrates the usefulness ...

Standards-based score reports interpret test performance with reference to cut scores defining categories like "below basic" or "proficient" or "master." This paper first develops a conceptual framework for validity arguments supporting such interpretations, then presents three applications. Two of these are serve to introduce new standard-setting methods. The conceptual framework lays out the ...

1547 COVER Sunset for silicon? The push toward electronics that are smaller, faster, and more flexible requires either new inorganic and organic materials or new functionality for silicon and new transistor designs. See the special section beginning on page 1595.

A score type test based on the M-estimation method for a linear regression model is more reliable than the parametric based-test under mild departures from model assumptions, or when dataset has outliers. An R-function is developed for the score M-test, and applied to two real datasets to illustrate the procedure. The asymptotic power function of the M-test under a sequence of (contiguous) loca...

Test-score semantics is based on the premise that almost everything that re la tes to natural languages is a matter of degree. Viewed from th is perspect ive, any semantic e n t i t y in a natural language, e . g . , a pred icate , p red ica te -mod i f ie r , p ropos i t ion , quant i f i e r , command, quest ion, etc. may be represented as a system of e l as t i c constra ints on a co l l ec ...

Introduction Among the most vexing and persistent issues in American education are the racial segregation of students and the achievement gap between black and white students. With the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954, de jure segregation of schools was prohibited. Nonetheless de facto segregation remains, and recent growth in the nonwhite student population has exacerbated the proble...

Rao’s score test provides an extremely useful framework for developing diagnostics against hypotheses that re+ect cross-sectional or spatial correlation in regression models, a major focus of attention in spatial econometrics. In this paper, a review and assessment is presented of the application of Rao’s score test against three broad classes of spatial alternatives: spatial autoregressive and...