Orbital myositis is an inflammation of mainly the extraocular muscles. Orbital myositis has a sudden onset, and the clinical course can be acute or chronic. The ocular signs and symptoms of eyes with orbital myositis are periocular pain, eyelid swelling and redness, restricted ocular motility, and strabismus. Computed tomographic (CT) scans show indistinct swelling around one or more extraocula...

Extraocular muscle involvement in orbital disease is most frequently seen as a feature of thyroid orbitopathy (Graves' disease). However, a wide range of other conditions may alter the size, shape, and function of these muscles, with characteristic clinical manifestations or abnormalities visible on orbital imaging. The differential diagnosis of muscle disease can be narrowed by careful analysi...

Abstract Background Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune condition in which autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) cause hyperthyroidism. About 50% of GD patients also have orbitopathy (GO), intractable expansion orbital contents causes diplopia, proptosis and even blindness. Murine models GD/GO, developed different centres, demonstrated significant variation gut microbiota composit...

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of transconjunctival Müller muscle recession and graded levator disinsertion for eyelid retraction in patients with thyroid-related orbitopathy (TRO). DESIGN Retrospective consecutive case series. METHODS Medical record review of 78 TRO patients (107 eyelids) who underwent surgery for upper eyelid retraction in a 5-year period was performed. Main outcome mea...

Basedowian orbitopathy is an autoimmune disease representing the most frequent extra-thyroidal manifestation. Its pathophysiology imperfectly elucidated and result of cross-reactivity between thyroid antigens orbital tissue. It frequently seen in context hyperthyroidism (basedow’s or Graves’ disease), sometimes hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), euthyroidism. Diagnosis often straightforw...