LPS elicits several immediate proinflammatoy responses in peripheral blood leukocytes via a recently described pathway including CD14, Toll-like receptors (TLR), serine-threonine kinases, and NF-kappaB transcription factor. However, the functional responses of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) to stimulation with LPS are unknown. Expression of mRNA and protein for CD14 and TLRs were assessed by...

Hybrid resequencing of the antibacterial innate immune genes coding for toll-like receptors, namely TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6, using HiSeq PacBio technologies pooled population samples Czech Simmental (Czech Red) cattle allowed us to determine haplotypes formed by polymorphisms present. Directly determined within range large proximal amplicon in TLR2 two clusters network tree graph. The ...

Vechur cattle, an indigenous breed of Kerala and it is the smallest cattle in world. They are highly disease resistant. The occurrence mastitis very Rare this as compared to crossbred cattle. Rearing these more cost effective they require less feed. Therefore, characterisation factors involved immune system breeds might provide insight into mechanisms variation resistance. Toll-like receptors (...

BACKGROUND Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important respiratory pathogen implicated as an infectious trigger in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but its molecular interaction with human lung epithelial cells remains unclear. Herein, we tested that the hypothesis that NTHi induces the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via activation of p38 mi...

A Cas protein from the CRISPR defence system against foreign DNA, also functions in endogenous gene regulation. Sampson et al (2013) have revealed that in pathogenic Francisella bacteria, the Cas9 protein guided by small RNAs represses the mRNA of a lipoprotein. This novel mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation enables the infecting bacteria to evade the TLR2-based innate immune response ...

S-(2,3-bispalmitoyloxypropyl)Cys-Gly-Asp-Pro-Lys-His-Pro-Lys-Ser-Phe (FSL-1) derived from Mycoplasma salivarium stimulated NF-kappaB reporter activity in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transfected with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or cotransfected with TLR2 and TLR6, but not in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR6, in a dose-dependent manner. The activity was significantly higher in HEK...

BACKGROUND Whole body ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) induces a generalized inflammatory response which contributes to the development of post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). Recently, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes, have been shown to mediate the inflammatory response in IRI. In this study w...

Amoxicillin, a low-molecular-weight compound, is able to interact with dendritic cells inducing semi-maturation in vitro. Specific antigens and TLR ligands can synergistically interact with dendritic cells (DC), leading to complete maturation and more efficient T-cell stimulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of amoxicillin and the TLR2, 4 and 7/8 agonists (PAM, L...

We have previously reported that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mRNA was induced after infection with Mycobacterium avium. To investigate the molecular basis of TLR2 expression in macrophages, we cloned and analyzed the murine putative 5'-proximal promoter. Transient transfection of a 326-bp region from nucleotides -294-+32 relative to the first transcription start site was sufficient to induce max...

intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ich) is a particularly severe type of stroke accounting for 10–15 % of all strokes and is associated with a mortality rate of 30–50%. neuroinflammation contributes to ich-induced secondary brain injury and understanding the mechanisms causing neuroinflammation can be helpful to find new treatments of ich. recent studies demonstrated that toll like receptor 2 (tlr2) fo...