The notion of test method validation, when applied to in vitro models, has been subjected to standards, practices, and regulatory mandates that may represent significant barriers to the development of new methods based on target toxicological pathways, mode of action, and mechanistic endpoints. Currently, there is an expectation that toxicity test methods used for regulatory purposes must be fo...

Several advanced oxidation processes such as hydrogen peroxide photolysis, the Fenton treatment, photo-Fenton treatment, and ozonation combined with hydrogen peroxide and UVradiation for the destruction of 2,4-dinitrophenol were studied. Advanced oxidation processes, especially the Fenton treatment, were found to be effective for the degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol and removal of toxicity. Acc...

A closed-system algal toxicity test with no headspace was applied to evaluate the toxicity of 11 aldehydes and two nitriles to Raphidocelis subcapitata. Algal growth rate and dissolved oxygen (DO) production were used as the test endpoints. Compared to literature data, our test results based on the endpoint of DO production is 2.5 to 257 times more sensitive than the conventional algal batch te...

This review is the second in a series of four papers emanating from a workshop entitled "Developmental Toxicology-New Directions," which was sponsored by the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's (HESI) Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Technical Committee. The present review analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of current developmental safety testing approaches in an effo...

Ninety-six-hour static acute toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory to determine the effects of a 47 ml/m2 (50 gal/acre) application of Arosurf MSF (2 mole ethoxylate of isostearyl alcohol) on Fundulus similus, Palaemonetes pugio, Palaemonetes paludosus, Uca spp., Procambarus spp., Gammarus spp., Asellus spp., Streptocephalus seali, Physa spp., Laeonereis culveri and an unidentified am...

Avian risk assessments for rodenticides are often driven by the results of standardized acute oral toxicity tests without regards to a toxicant’s mode of action and time course of adverse effects. First generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs) generally require multiple feedings over several days to achieve a threshold concentration in tissue and cause adverse effects. This exposure regime...

Twelve 1-phenyl-, 1-thiocarbamoyl- and 1-N-substituted thiocarbamoyl-3-(2-furyl)-5-phenyl/(2-furyl)-2-pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized. The chemical structures of the compounds were proved by IR, (1)H NMR, Mass spectrometric data and microanalyses. The antidepressant activities of the compounds were investigated by Porsolt's behavioural despair (forced swimming) test on albino mice. 1-N-...

The present work aimed at studying the effect of Ambrosia maritima (Damsissa) on the viability of Lymnaea snails. Lymnaea snails used in these trials were acclimatized to laboratory conditions before use in the toxicity test. The snails were exposed to various concentrations (100-3000 mg/l) of dry powdered Damsissa, Ambrosia maritima was lethal to Lymnaea snails at concentration of 3000 mg/L af...

BACKGROUND Haff disease is unexplained rhabdomyolysis caused by consumption of fishery products in the previous 24 h. It was first identified in Europe in 1924 but the condition is extremely rare in China. Here we describe a past outbreak of acute food borne muscle poisoning that occurred in Guangdong Province (South China) in 2009. METHODS The first full outbreak of Haff disease reported in ...

Due to the growing issues with fungal infections, especially with Candida, there is still a need to develop novel anti-Candida materials. One of the known antifungal agents is undecylenic acid (UA), which still cannot be efficiently used due to its oily nature, and thus limited solubility. By taking advantage of the properties of UA, we developed an emulsion with hexagonal phase, i.e., hexosome...