The objective of the paper is to explore and give an overview of two central policy alternatives to improve the integration between the European Union and developing countries by removing barriers to trade: trade preferences and trade facilitation. After reviewing the relevant literatures and discussing the issues which constitute problems or opportunities for practitioners and researchers in b...

Deep trade agreements are widespread and have taken the world beyond tariff liberalization in goods trade. As importance of global supply chains services sector increased across world, shallow reductions gave way to deeper commitments that address non-tariff barriers behind border This paper shows deep agreement increase by 25% for even more services. Taking reduced-form estimates a quantitativ...

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[Foreign trade involves tasks that may be subject to language barriers, such as researching foreign markets, communicating with counterparties and marketing products to foreign consumers. Language skills have a wage premium that is determined by local and worldwide supply and demand for language services, and the premium is specific to each country and pair of languages. I construct a novel mea...