Bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. In endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. The steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...

bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. in endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. the steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...

Transcription is an essential process in biology whereby gene-specific transcription factors target sites on DNA to recruit the basal machinery that will produce messenger RNA (mRNA). It a highly regulated multi-step involves many proteins and protein complexes. factors, mark genes for activation, other transcriptional regulators are enriched low-complexity disordered regions, which strongly li...

WRKY transcription factors are known to function in a number of plant processes. Here we have characterized 15 WRKY family genes of the important ornamental species chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). A total of 15 distinct sequences were isolated; initially internal fragments were amplified based on transcriptomic sequence, and then the full length cDNAs were obtained using RACE (rapid a...

AIMS Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca²(+)-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) transports Ca²(+) by consuming ATP produced by mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes. Messenger RNA (mRNA) for these enzymes is transcribed by mitochondrial transcription factors A (TFAM) and B2 (TFB2M). This study examined whether TFAM and TFB2M coordinately regulate the transcription of the Serca2 gene and mitochondrial genes. M...