Crude bio-oil from pine chip fast pyrolysis was upgraded with olefins (1-octene, cyclohexene, 1,7-octadiene, and 2,4,4-trimethylpentene) plus 1-butanol (iso-butanol, t-butanol and ethanol) at 120 °C using a silica sulfuric acid (SSA) catalyst that possesses a good catalytic activity and stability. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ...

As English spreads as the new international language for all domains, be it economics, politics, education, research, and so on, it becomes increasingly important to facilitate English upgrading for people everywhere. In this way, language barriers can be lifted, and international communication enhanced. The recent growth and expansion of the Internet allows us to build distance education syste...

The majority of skill-upgrading in the United States in the 1980s and early 1990s was due to within industry shifts in skill-intensity. Traditional trade theory, represented by the HeckscherOhlin model, predicts that trade affects relative employment primarily by shifting resources across industries. For this reason, many economists have concluded that international trade has played a minor rol...

© MCB University Press [ISSN 0956-6163] The authors wish to express their deep gratitude and appreciation to the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst for the fellowship that was granted to Dr Abdel-Shafy throughout this study. The authors also are in great debt to the scientific co-operation of both Dipl.-Ing. N. Peschen and Dipl.-Ing. K.S. Iter, Forschungsinstitut der Forschungsgemeinschaft ...

The paper explores mechanisms that link trade and restructuring in countries of central and eastern Europe through a learning and industrial upgrading perspective. A theoretical model based on notions of scale (relative concentration in trade) and scope (changes in product variety) is introduced and applied, based on detailed product level data for six central and east European countries (CEECs...

This paper presents a dynamic general equilibrium model to illustrate how international trade and dynamic trade policies a¤ect industrialization, industrial upgrading, and economic growth in a two-country world, where there is an in…nite number of possible industries di¤erent in their capital intensities. Analytical solutions are obtained to fully characterize the endowment-driven industrializa...

Governments. firms, and civil sociery are increasingly taking action to mange the end-of-life of computers. While appropriate treatment of the waste stream via recycling and other technologies is required, it is also important to address the flow upstream through reduction of final demand via improved utilization. This article evaluates endo$life optionsfor computers via quantitative assessment...

This paper addresses the role of multinational enterprises (MNE) in the upgrading of national innovation systems and the policies that the new member states (NMS) of the European Union (EU) can put in place to enhance it. We use the innovation systems approach as a basis for analyzing policy options and focus on the MNE and the potential for linkages, rather than limiting our analysis to foreig...

Many older transmission towers are designed based on tension-only bracing systems with slender diagonal members. However, the increased demand in power supply and changing global weather patterns mean that these towers require upgrading to carry the resultant heavier loading. The failure of a single tower can rapidly propagate along the line and result in severe damage that costs many millions ...