In this paper we consider the neuroscienti€c theory of the Bayesian brain in the light of adaptive web systems and content personalisation. In particular, we elaborate on neural mechanisms of human decision-making and the origin of lacking reliability of user feedback, o‰en denoted as noise or human uncertainty. To this end, we €rst introduce an adaptive model of cognitive agency in which popul...

The brain uses sensory information that is often uncertain in order to efficiently generate perceptual representations of the world. This observation has led to the Bayesian brain hypothesis, in which the brain combines internal expectations of the world with unreliable external sensory information in a nearly optimal probabilistic manner. Recent studies have suggested that to be true in statis...

the aim of this paper is to generalize the‎‎notion of pseudo-almost valuation domains to arbitrary‎ ‎commutative rings‎. ‎it is shown that the classes of chained rings‎ ‎and pseudo-valuation rings are properly contained in the class of‎ ‎pseudo-almost valuation rings; also the class of pseudo-almost‎ ‎valuation rings is properly contained in the class of quasi-local‎ ‎rings with linearly ordere...

We present a Research & Development case study that illustrates how to model initial decisions vs. down-stream decisions and the uncertainty that characterizes long-term projects of this type. The model recognizes the value of postponing key decisions until their due time along a project’s life. It also incorporates the uncertain outcomes of a Research stage, and the market fluctuations precedi...

Students’ approaches to the learning process, their style, cognitive preferences, and beliefs about knowledge had been main focus of empirical research for many years. A quantitative survey was carried out explore epistemological science towards science. Moreover, correlation between these two variables at secondary level classroom in Chitral, Pakistan determined. The population current study c...

This paper addresses a current issue in environmental valuation, namely, the extent to which environmental preferences depart from the usual economic paradigm to incorporate some lexicographic elements. After a theoretical discussion the paper reviews attempts to explore this question empirically by supplementing contingent valuation analyses with an exploration of the motives behind willingnes...

This paper reports a multi-national, multi-institutional study to investigate Computer Science students’ understanding of software design and software design criteria. Student participants were recruited from two groups: students early in their degree studies and students completing their Bachelor degrees. Computer Science educators were also recruited as a comparison group. The study, includin...

The main purpose of this paper is to propose a fuzzy approach for investment project valuation in uncertain environments from the aspect of real options. The traditional approaches to project valuation are based on discounted cash flows (DCF) analysis which provides measures like net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). However, DCF-based approaches exhibit two major pitfalls....

In this era of rising focus on the social and environmental costs and benefits of mining operations, the valuation methodologies used to assess such impacts become increasingly important. Within an industry dominated by an engineering culture that places emphasis on net present value (NPV) calculations using high discount rates, difficulties often arise when attempting to justify projects with ...