Drug addiction is considered a disorder of neuroplasticity in brain reward and cognition systems resulting from aberrant activation of gene expression programs in response to prolonged drug consumption. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators of almost all aspects of cellular physiology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (∼21-23 nucleotides) ncRNAs transcripts that regulate gene expression at th...

Epidemiological studies strongly suggest that genetic factors operate at all steps of addictions, including vulnerability to initiation, continued use, and propensity to become dependent. Several studies have been popular to investigate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors, including the availability of and exposure to a substance, and shared and unique environments. ...

Drug dependence is the result of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that can occur during development. Prenatal drug exposure is among the environmental factors that have been examined for its possible impact on child development. This review summarises available evidence for the impact of prenatal drug exposure, including alcohol and tobacco, on the long-term neuro...

Background: According to the spread and popularity of social networks easy access them through smartphones, impact these networks’ long-term application consequences, including psychological vulnerability, could not be ignored. Objectives: The present study investigated mediating role using smartphone considering personality traits vulnerability. Methods: research population included all users ...

Nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco, induces negative emotional symptoms during abstinence that contribute to a profound craving for nicotine. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying how nicotine produces dependence remains poorly understood. We demonstrate one mechanism for both the anxiety-like symptoms of withdrawal and excessive nicotine intake observed after ab...