Vegetables hold very important and significant place in our diet, among vegetables chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most vegetable crop Pakistan. The vegetable’s market integration major problem Pakistan symbol efficiency integrated markets. present study was conducted for domestic four markets by using their monthly wholesale prices eighteen years (June 2000 to July 2019) adopting Joh...

The standard model of pass-through in imperfectly competitive markets focuses on double marginalization of rents and highlights the importance of the curvature of demand curve. We develop a model of equilibrium prices in a supply chain with financing intermediaries to incorporate credit rationing faced by wholesale traders. The financing intermediaries help relax the quantitative credit limits ...

It is common for a retailer to sell products from competing manufacturers. How then should the …rms manage their contract negotiations? The supply chain coordination literature focuses either on a single manufacturer selling to a single retailer or one manufacturer selling to many (possibly competing) retailers. We …nd that some key conclusions from those market structures do not apply in our s...