The final quarter of the twentieth century has seen the arrival of the claim for educational malpractice, or educational negligence, by students who have failed to learn. Generally speaking, the claim has been that the professional behaviour of teachers, or educational psychologists and/or other providers of educational services has breached the duty of care to educate, with the consequence tha...

This online Appendix has two parts. One contains extensions of the model in the main text. First, we introduce stochastic demand shocks to allow “bad outcomes” to arise despite the actions of distributors. Second, we consider that distributors and producers return to the pool of inactive agents after their partnerships are terminated. The other part of the Appendix has supplementary empirical r...

in the islamic legal system, sale contract is regarded as among appropriative (tamlīkī) contracts, without any difference existing between the designation of the object of sale and its being wholesale (kullī). thus, there has been a considerable controversy among the jurists on the time for designation of mabī‘ (object of sale) with the presumption that mabī‘ is wholesale, which would bring abo...

This paper uses annual data from 1980-1998 to test two models of the relationship between wholesale and retail marijuana prices. Results from regressions of retail prices on wholesale prices reject a multiplicative model, in which the difference in prices between levels is proportional to the wholesale price, in favor of an additive model, in which the price difference is a fixed amount. This f...

We introduce a wholesale pricing strategy for an incumbent supplier facing with a competitive counterpart. We propose a profit function which considers both the present loss and future loss from a wholesale price and then study the optimal wholesale prices for different objectives about this profit function for the incumbent supplier. First, we achieve an optimal wholesale price for the incumbe...

Rice plays an especial role in Iranian households' nutrition basket. The volatilities of its price during recent years caused consumers' dissatisfaction. This paper investigates spillover effects of price volatilities (at the wholesale and retail levels) in the Guilan Province rice market. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Hetroscedasitic (GARCH) model was used for the monthly time per...

in this paper, nonlinear adjustments and price transmission mechanism between the two levels of wholesale and retail for the egg market has been examined under the threshold vector error correction model (tvecm) framework using hansen and seo (2002)’s two-regimes). the unit root test showed that both wholesale and retail egg price series were integrated of order one . the johansen co-integratio...

This paper reviews present day test structures and illustrates how they hav e ev olved to a continuously changing technology. Structures for measuring resistivity, contact resistance, feature dimensions and overlay errors are presented. Test structures for helping to predict yield and Wafer Reliability Measurements (WLR) are also discussed.