abstract ba ckground: quality of services, making communications with target groups, and educating them are among the most important success factors in implementation of family planning programs. provision of public access to contraception and related methods, counseling services, and paying attention to social specification and cultures are important in promotion of service quality. with regar...

The increasing use of buprenorphine among drug dependent subjects demands systematic enquiry into the clinical profile of buprenorphine withdrawal. Six male buprenorphine dependent (parenteral) subjects were observed for opiate withdrawal over a two week period. The onset of withdrawal occurred 48 hours after the last dose, peaked around the third day and lasted up to ten days. The withdrawals ...

The literature on benzodiazepine dependence and withdrawal is reviewed with an emphasis on social and psychological considerations. The problems of when to prescribe, identifying withdrawal symptoms, effective communication with the patient, the structure of withdrawal programmes, and the use of drugs, psychological approaches and other services are discussed.

Abstract Background: Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to sever pain. It has more advantage and less opioid adverse effects than conventional opioid analgesia. Case Report: This article reports a patient with tramadol dependency that had psychosis after tramadol withdrawal. Conclusion: By the increase of tramadol usage for relief of chronic pain, t...

objective(s): drug addiction is one of the fastest growing social problems that researchers, for many years, have been trying to find proper strategies for its prevention and treatment. short-term physical activity is considered as acceptable for the treatment and prevention of addiction. on the other hand, prefrontal cortex is known to be responsible for many of the complex behavioral response...

BACKGROUND Unaided attempts to quit smoking commonly fail during the first 2 weeks of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Alterations in dopamine (DA) signaling correlate with withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure, but those changes have not been well-characterized. METHODS Mice were administered nicotine in their drinking water for 4 or 12 weeks. Then nicotine was withheld for 1 to 10 days...

The authors examined the factor structure of the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) using confirmatory factor analysis in 3 clinical research samples of smokers trying to quit (N = 723). Three confirmatory factor analytic models, based on previous research, were tested with each of the 3 study samples at multiple points in time. A unidimensional model including all 8 MNWS items was foun...

We report on a case of a female patient who had serious side effects from treatment with clozapine and chlorpromazine and the appeared to have a withdrawal reaction from cessation of clozapine. During the treatment process she was misdiagnosed as having malignant syndrome. This case highlights the importance of clinicians being able to distinguish malignant syndrome from withdrawal reactions, a...