The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of 1,068 incident leukemia cases and 5,039 controls aged 20-74 years during 1994-1997 to examine the association between exposure to drinking water chlorination disinfection by-products and adult leukemia risk in Canada. Residence and drinking water source histories and data from municipal water supplies were used to estimate individua...

Many environmental organic chemicals have chloride in their structure. Thus, researching the chlorination mechanism of carbon is of interest. Dioxins are typically concentrated in fly ash collected from the post-combustion zone during the operation of municipal solid waste incinerators. In this study, we report the application of Cl-K near-edge X-ray-absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) in determ...

Despite the widespread use of chlorination for microbial control in aqueous environments, cellular response mechanisms of human pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, against chlorination remain unknown. In this work, genome-wide transcriptional analysis was performed to elucidate cellular response of S. aureusto hypochlorous acid, an active antimicrobial product of chlorination in aqueous s...

Millions of people worldwide enjoy swimming pool activities every year. Traditionally, chlorine-containing chemicals have been used as the sanitizing agent. Some chlorine containing chemicals used include chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, and chlorinated isocyanurates. These chemicals enter the pool as a concentrated solution, or in the form of hypoc...

−A study of the phase transformations generated by chlorine during the calcination of clays and kaolins is presented. The original samples and residues of the thermal treatment carried out in air and chlorine atmospheres are analyzed at different calcination times and temperatures. Sample characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Xray micr...

Bromide and thiocyanate have been shown to be effective inhibitors of the chlorination process leading to chlortetracycline formation by certain strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens Duggar (Gourevitch et al., 1955; Doerschuk, et at., 1956). Sekizawa (1955) reported thiourea, 2-thiouracil, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and thioglycolic-f3-aminonaphthalide (thionalide) to inhibit chlorination by this ...

Bromide and thiocyanate have been shown to be effective inhibitors of the chlorination process leading to chlortetracycline formation by certain strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens Duggar (Gourevitch et al., 1955; Doerschuk, et at., 1956). Sekizawa (1955) reported thiourea, 2-thiouracil, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and thioglycolic-f3-aminonaphthalide (thionalide) to inhibit chlorination by this ...

Chlorination-induced changes in the physicochemical characteristics of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and their role fouling hollow fiber polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membranes during wastewater reclamation was mechanistically investigated. Pre-chlorination strongly influenced pressure rise constant flux forward filtration as well hydraulically irreversible by backwashing with...