Mikrocytos mackini, causative agent of Denman Island disease in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas and other oyster species, was found in 2011 in a previously unreported host, the Kumamoto oyster C. sikamea, in Humboldt Bay, California, USA. The detection was also the first reported finding of M. mackini in California. Prevalence was estimated as high as approximately 27% from pooled samples ana...

Chronosequence studies of soil formation and ecosystem development provide important insights into the pathways rates change occurring on centennial millennial time scales. In cool or temperate humid environments, Podzols are predominant type formed under coniferous forests in coarse-textured parent material have been a major focus chronosequence studies. This study examined rate mechanisms Pod...

Although tissue regeneration has been studied in a variety of organisms, from Hydra to humans, many of the genes that regulate the ability of each animal to regenerate remain unknown. The larval imaginal discs of the genetically tractable model organism Drosophila melanogaster have complex patterning, wellcharacterized development and a high regenerative capacity, and are thus an excellent mode...

The field of modern biomechanics has deep historical roots from the ancient Egyptians, who documented the earliest accounts of spinal injury (2600–2200 BC), as well as from the ancient Hindus, who were noted for their treatment of spinal deformities (3500–1800 BC). Building on this foundation, the modern explosion of spinal instrumentation introduced the concept of internal fixation for spinal ...

Introduction The Mesolithic has been regarded as the first major period of human occupation in Cornwall and covers the period from the end of the last Ice Age (c. 8000 bc) to the onset of the Neolithic (c. 3500 bc). Despite the length of time involved, surprisingly little information is available about the hunter-gatherers who lived in Cornwall during the Mesolithic. In this paper we review the...

Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS) has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC), it was believed that a set of channels are interconnected to the heart, transporting air, urine, air, blood, and the soul. One thousand years later, the heart was established as the center of the CVS by the Hippocratic Corpus in the medical school o...

The mining industry is highly suitable for the application of robotics and automation technology, since the work is arduous, dangerous, and often repetitive. This paper presents a broad overview of the issues involved in the development of a physically large and complex field robotic system—a 3500-tonne mining machine (dragline). Draglines are “walking cranes” used in open-pit coal mining to re...

Romanian Moldavia is the focus of a study, initiated in 2005, on Neolithic-Eneolithic (6000–3500 BCE) settlement dynamics and salt exploitation. The underlying hypothesis that exploitation salt, along with copper gold, contributed to emergence developed Eneolithic societies from beginning 5th millennium BC. By approaching this process through its geographical dimension, 6th BC, one can measure ...

Promastigote forms of Phytomonas serpens, Leptomonas samueli, and Leishmania tarentolae express cytoskeletal giant proteins with apparent molecular masses of 3,500 kDa (Ps 3500), 2,500 kDa (Ls 2500), and 1,200 kDa (Lt 1200), respectively. Polyclonal antibodies to Lt 1200 and to Ps 3500 specifically recognize similar polypeptides of the same genera of parasite. In addition to reacting with giant...