this research is a study on indicators of listening instruction in iranian english as a foreign language (efl) curriculum at guidance school and high school educational levels. this thesis aims at determining: a) the indicators of listening instruction at guidance school and high school efl curriculum. b) the indicators of listening instruction in irans guidance school and high school efl curri...

زمینه: احتکار به عنوان ذخیره و پنهان کردن چیزی برای مصرف احتمالی آن در آینده تعریف می شود. این رفتار دارای ابعاد مختلفی بوده که شامل رفتار تطابقی در حیات وحش، احتکار اقتصادی جامعه انسانی و از سویی بخش روانی آن ( مثل احتکار حیوان و اشیاء بی ارزش) که زیر گروهی از اختلال وسواس اجباری بوده؛ می شود. ریشه احتمالی مشترک تمام انواع احتکار، وجود یک شرایط محرومیت است. در مدل آزمایشگاهی احتکار، برای همانن...

the application of a comprehensive model of communicative language ability (cla) to language teaching and testing has always been an imperative in l2 education since hymess proposal of communicative competence in the 1970s. recent l2 research has clearly underscored the importance of sufficient pragmatics representation as an essential component of cla in pedagogical and testing practices in l2...

abstract the present study was conducted to examine the effect of proficiency on students interaction while carrying out the grammar-based task(s) in collaboration. in particular, the study examines whether the level of proficiency affects the learners’ focus of attention to grammatical and lexical features. the study takes a further step and examines whether there is any difference in the use...