the question of whether architectural creativity is more of an artistic or engineering nature is one with a long history but also one with no conclusive answer. the art camp would argue that technology should be treated as a means towards and end, and that technology alone cannot give meaning to our lives. the engineering camp on the other hand would argue that good problem-solving results in b...

It is claimed that this is the first interpretative history of American social welfare, which is defined as ".. . those social security, social service, and health programs, activities, and organizations, public and private, the primary purpose of which [is] to promote the well-being of those individuals that society [feels need and deserve] help." As well as supporting and improving the well-b...

Over the last few decades, a significant amount of literature on preservation and adaptive reuse historical buildings has been published. More recently, use digital technologies in heritage projects academic research become increasingly topical worldwide. However, topic architectural education teaching history relation to is less discussed. This paper contributes this relevant necessary that no...

When two strong men stand face to face, tho' they come from the ends of the earth! Rudyard Kipling Readers who know only the first line of Rudyard Kipling's famously misconstrued "The Ballad of East and West" might fear the worst for the prospects of a survey of global architectural history. Frequently overlooked, though, is the closing line of the refrain, in which Kipling suggests that proble...