I present a framework to study the evolution of traits that allow an organism to survive life-threatening but rare risks. Specifically, I am concerned with risks so rare that any one individual in a population may not experience the risk-causing event in its lifetime. A theory of rare risk management is virtually absent in evolutionary biology, although it is well developed in economics. This i...

Background: The aim was to evaluate the benefit of technical advances for treatment planning: introduction of a hydrogel spacer, VMAT (volumetric modulated arc therapy) and a single biological organ at risk objective for the rectum and bladder. Initial standard was a step-and-shoot IMRT (intensity modulated radiotherapy) without a spacer and conventional organ at risk objectives.  Material...

ISO 9000:2000 is the latest version of the quality standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The standard aims to evaluate a firm’s ability to effectively design, produce, and deliver quality products and services. This version of the standard tries to enhance customer satisfaction by including more top-management involvement and continual improvement. Desp...

Background Many clinical biomarkers have been associated with dementia. This paper uses a novel data set from an understudied population – national sample of older Indians - to assess the relative importance 41 using variety approaches. The value these is extensiveness biomarker collection, validated classification dementia, and uniqueness low average education. approaches both summarizing redu...

Despite great enthusiasm for biomarkers as tools to enhance risk prediction and to lead the way in a transformation towards personalized cardiovascular medicine, progress in the biomarker field has been painstakingly slow, particularly in the area of population screening. Some individual biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) have demonstrated consistent associations with incident cardiova...

S nonindigenous species threaten people by contributing to biodiversity loss and environmental damage (Elton; Kareiva). Managing such threats cost-effectively requires a consistent framework that captures the biological and economic circumstances that jointly determine the level of risk and the optimal mix of prevention and control strategies. The economic theory of endogenous risk provides suc...

Phytoextraction may be applied at field scale when the removal of bioavailable metals is the specific target of the technology. Residual metals in soil can be considered substantially inert or to be evaluated by site specific risk analysis.