An exciting topic regarding integrative properties of the nervous system is how transient motor commands or brief sensory stimuli are able to evoke persistent neuronal changes, mainly as a sustained, tonic action potential firing. A persisting firing seems to be necessary for postural maintenance after a previous movement. We have studied in vitro and in vivo the generation of the persistent ne...

The article highlighted in this issue is “Dizocilpine Improves Beneficial Effects of Cholinergic Antagonists in Anticholinesterase-Treated Mice,” by Andrzej Dekundy, Rafal M. Kaminski, and Waldemar A. Turski (pp. 289–295). It explores the relationship between cholinergic and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors as mediators of anticholinesterase toxicity. The following review summarizes these ...

The article highlighted in this issue is "Dizocilpine Improves Beneficial Effects of Cholinergic Antagonists in Anticholinesterase-Treated Mice," by Andrzej Dekundy, Rafal M. Kaminski, and Waldemar A. Turski (pp. 289-295). It explores the relationship between cholinergic and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors as mediators of anticholinesterase toxicity. The following review summarizes these ...

The roles of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in perirhinal cortex in object recognition memory were compared. Rats' discrimination of a novel object preference test (NOP) test was measured after either systemic or local infusion into the perirhinal cortex of the nicotinic receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA), which targets alpha-7 (α7) amongst other nicotinic receptors or...

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists and agonists on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex in rats. The muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in PPI without affecting startle amplitude. In contrast, N-methyl scopolamine, the quaternary a...

UNLABELLED Understanding the control of sleep-wake states by the basal forebrain (BF) poses a challenge due to the intermingled presence of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. All three BF neuronal subtypes project to the cortex and are implicated in cortical arousal and sleep-wake control. Thus, nonspecific stimulation or inhibition studies do not reveal the roles of these diffe...

In this review, the altered functions of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the extrapyramidal system in primary Parkinson syndrome are pointed out. In this syndrome, an altered neurotransmitter balance in the nuclei of the extrapyramidal system with hypoactivity of the dopaminergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems and hypoactivity of the muscarinic cholinergic and glutamatergic neuro...

Cellular and molecular processes that mediate individual variability in impulsivity, a key behavioral component of many neuropsychiatric disorders, are poorly understood. Zebrafish heterozygous for a nonsense mutation in ache (ache (sb55/+)) showed lower levels of impulsivity in a 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) than wild type and ache(+∕+). Assessment of expression of cholinergic ...

Objectives: Datura Stramonium (DS) is a common weed along roadsides, in cornfields and pastures and in waste areas. It belongs to the family Solanaceae and its toxic components are tropane belladonna alkaloids. It has been used voluntarily by teenagers for its hallucinogenic effect. The plant is named in Iran as Tatoore. Symptoms and signs of acute D. Stramonium poisoning usually are similar to...

Oculocardiac reflex ...