Industrial coal combustion ashes as well as laboratory-scale experiments were used for the evaluation whether CaO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 can help with the retention of volatile and acid-forming elements (S, Cl, Br, As and Se). Both industrial ashes evaluation and laboratory combustion experiments lead to the conclusion that CaO can efficiently help with the capture of not only S, but also of Cl, Br, ...

The conversion of biomass to a lowor medium-heating-value gaseous fuel (biomass gasification) generally involves two processes. The first process, pyrolysis, releases the volatile components of the fuel at temperatures below 600°C (1,112°F) via a set of complex reactions. Included in these volatile vapors are hydrocarbon gases, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, tars, and water vapor. B...

The effect of demineralization on Indian bituminous coal by filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger has been investigated. X-ray diffraction profile reveals the presence of inorganic components in the sample. Biosolubilised products were characterized by FT-IR, SEM-EDS and XRD. The study reveals that coal consist of a semi-crystalline turbostratic structure. The broad diffraction peak at 20~25.5 a...

Combustion profiles determined by TGA and experiments in a laminar entrained flow reactor (EFR) were used in this work to assess the relative combustion reactivities of different rank coals and their binary coal blends. The combustion behaviour of coal blends in TGA was greatly influenced by coal rank and the proportion of each component in the blend. Higher volatile coals exerted more influenc...

The reduction of Fe2O3 powder at the top layer by the volatiles from high volatile (HV) bituminous coal at the bottom layer of a multilayer powder geometry including a separating alumina layer was studied. The simultaneous effects of the alumina layer thickness, time, temperature and the weight of coal on the amount of reduction and coal devolatilization were studied by implementing a rotatable...

Prediction of carbon content in fly ash is a valuable index in both designing and optimizing coal-fired boilers. In this study, methods of multiple regression (MR), decision trees (DT), and support vector regression (SVR) were used for prediction of unburned carbon content of fly ash in a 300-MW power plant with a tangentially fired furnace using a low-NOx concentric firing system. Twenty-one b...

The proximate analysis is the most common form of coal evaluation and it reveals the quality of a coal sample. It examines four factors including the moisture, ash, volatile matter (VM), and fixed carbon (FC) within the coal sample. Every factor is determined through a distinct experimental procedure under ASTM specified conditions. These determinations are time consuming and require a signific...

Background Greater use of gas would make metal production more environmentally friendly while improving the competitiveness of Norwegian metal producers. By “gas” we refer here to natural gas, biogas, hydrogen and flue-gases from the metal production industry’s own and other industries’ production processes. Gas can replace coal and coke or provide a basis for the development of new processes t...

In this paper, effects of the operating pressure on ash formation reported in the open literature have been reviewed. In particular, the recent significant advances achieved at the Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable Development (CCSD) in Australia are highlighted. The operating pressure significantly influences the size and the chemistry of ash generated through its effects on ...

A bomb calorimeter is an apparatus used for measuring the performance of coal in term of heat of combustion. Recent awareness has been created regarding uncertainty of measurement, due to mainly two reasons. Laboratory accreditation, which has steadily been on the rise, which requires a estimation of uncertainty of measurement particularly in the field of calibration. Second, increased maturity...