Hurlin recently proposed a technique for automatic parallelization based on separation logic [9]. This paper proposes an enhancement of the mechanism for situations where conditional statements are used in specifications of programs. With the proposed changes, specifications containing conditional statements are supported and programs can be automatically parallelized. Two approaches are identi...

In situations where noisy signals of some underlying variable are observed, Paul Milgrom (The Bell Journal of Economics, 12(2): 380–391) showed that a higher signal implies a higher posterior (in the sense of first-order stochastic dominance) for every non-degenerate prior if and only if the conditional distribution satisfies the strict monotone likelihood ratio property (MLRP). We show that fo...

Pearl has provided the back door criterion, the front door criterion and the conditional instrumental variable (IV) method as identifiability criteria for total effects. In some situations, these three criteria can be applied to identifying total effects simultaneously. For the purpose of increasing estimating accuracy, this paper compares the three ways of identifying total effects in terms of...

Modus ponens is the argument from premises of the form If A, then B and A to the conclusion B (e.g., from If it rained, Alicia got wet and It rained to Alicia got wet). Nearly all participants agree that the modus ponens conclusion logically follows when the argument appears in this Basic form. However, adding a further premise (e.g., If she forgot her umbrella, Alicia got wet) can lower partic...

People have difficulty reasoning with information to do with uncertain situations, including when making economic decisions. This is especially true when decisions require the calculation of conditional probabilities. Putting the data in terms of natural frequencies as promoted by Gigerenzer (2002) makes it easier for people to reason in situations of uncertainty. Unfortunately, it invokes the ...

The present study examines two mechanisms that might explain why blushing-fearful individuals fear blushing: Judgmental biases for blushing in ordinary social situations that usually do not elicit a blush, and negative conditional cognitions about blushing irrespective of situation. A web-based self-report measure, linked to a German internet forum for people with fear of blushing, was complete...

The authors provide evidence that people typically evaluate conditional probabilities by subjectively partitioning the sample space into n interchangeable events, editing out events that can be eliminated on the basis of conditioning information, counting remaining events, then reporting probabilities as a ratio of the number of focal to total events. Participants' responses to conditional prob...