this article is aimed at investigating the cultural-artistic exchange and its influence on female costumes in the most critical part of the history; that is during the formation of the parthian kingdom in the great achaemenid’s realm after the invasion of foreigners such as alexandra and the greek. this paper also examines the causes that have lead to transformations in the type of woman's...

feasts and festivals are ceremonies held by various peoples and nations in order to put on display their indigenous and unique cultures. persian peoples, too, have their own unique and peculiar customs while celebrating norooz festival, just like arabs who observe their own festivities during eid al-fitr and eid al-adha or the beginning of the lunar calendar or year; and so do christians, jews,...

A civilization constitutes a durable social system of complementary traits. Some of the complementarities of any given civilization are between elements of “material” life and ones commonly treated as integral to “culture.” Identifying the mechanisms responsible for a civilization’s observed trajectory involves, therefore, causal relationships that cross the often-postulated “cultural–material”...

aside from internal historical and intellectual factors contributing to the stagnation of the islamic civilization in the last two decades, this civilization has faced a challenge in the fast growing and spreading civilization of the west. islamic thinkers, in tandem with reconstructing religious thought, have made strenuous efforts to find an internal religious answer for the emancipation of i...