A state-defect constraint pairing graph coarsening method is described for improving computational efficiency during the numerical factorization of large sparse Karush–Kuhn–Tucker matrices that arise from the discretization of optimal control problems via an Legendre–Gauss–Radau orthogonal collocation method. The method takes advantage of the particular sparse structure of the Karush–Kuhn–Tucke...

Hot ring rolling is a highly nonlinear, unsteady-state and asymmetry process which is affected by many parameters. The friction coefficient between the ring ,the driver roll and the idle roll is one of the problems, which has significant effect on the quality of final product. In this study, the effect of these two parameters on hot ring rolling was investigated based on a 3D coupled-thermo mec...

Multiple-detect test sets have been shown to be effective in lowering defect level. Other researchers have noted that observing the effects of a defect can be controlled by sensitizing affected sites to circuit outputs but defect excitation is inherently probabilistic given a defect’s inherent, unknown nature. As a result, test sets that sensitize every signal line multiple times with varying c...

Here we report two types of defect-induced photoluminescence (PL) blinking behaviors observed in single epitaxial InGaAs quantum dots (QDs). In the first type of PL blinking, the "off" period is caused by the trapping of hot electrons from the higher-lying excited state (absorption state) to the defect site so that its PL rise lifetime is shorter than that of the "on" period. For the "off" peri...