Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme involved in the catabolism of tryptophan, is expressed by a variety of cells and tissues such as macrophages, dendritic cells, cells of the endocrine system and by the placenta. IFN- γ is the main inducer of this enzyme. IDO acts as an important defense mechanism of innate immunity against pathogens. It also has tumor suppressive activity and prolong...

HIGHLIGHTS Brown propolis from Southwest of Parana modulated pacu immune system. Dietary supplementation extract increased fish serum lysozyme concentration. circulating organic defense cells. did not cause toxic effects on pacu.

a common pathological process that occurred after brain injury is gliosis. gliosis involves the activation of glial cells to proliferate and become hypertrophic to occupy the injured brain areas. in order to form a defense system against the invasion of micro-organisms and cytotoxins into surrounding tissue, glial cells including astrocytes and microglia undergo reactive response to injury. neu...

Introduction The activation of natural killer cells (NK) by their KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor) is a potent defense system tumor cells. In this thesis we want to investigate the profile 16 inhibiting and activating KIRs in bloodserum patients with head neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Furthermore, calculate correlation between KIR-status overall survival (OS) HNSCC-patients.

Protection of the mammary gland against mastitis-causing pathogens is mediated by many factors in thegland and blood circulation. The professional phagocytic cells of bovine udder, polymorphonuclearneutrophils (PMN) and macrophages, comprise the first line of defense against invading mastitis pathogens.Most researchers now accept that the PMN is a key factor in the cows’ defense against intrama...

t lymphocytes that are involved in cellular mediated immunity include two types known as tcd8+ (cytotoxic t lymphocytes) and tcd4+ (helper t lymphocytes). tcd4+ has four main subtypes, including th1, th2, th17, and treg lymphocytes.th17 lymphocytes play a role in defense against microbes that th1 and th2 lymphocytes have not the ability to respond to them. the most important cytokines, which ar...

Summary The term Tc17 cells refers to interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing CD8 + T cells. While IL-17 is an important mediator of mucosal defense, it also centrally involved in driving the inflammatory response immune-mediated diseases, such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and bowel disease. In this review, we aim gather current knowledge on phenotypic transcriptional profile, vitro vivo generati...