Spatial cognition is fundamental to the behaviour and activity of humans in urban space. Humans perceive their environments with systematic biases errors, act upon these perceptions, which turn form patterns activity. These perceptions are influenced by a multitude factors, many them relating static form. Yet much geographic analysis ignores influence form, instead referring most commonly Eucli...

Few studies empirically estimate the effects of metropolitan growth on nonmetropolitan communities at a national scale. This paper estimates the growth effects of 276 MSAs on population in 1,988 nonmetropolitan communities in the United States from 2000 to 2007. We estimate the distance for growth spillovers from MSAs to nonmetropolitan communities and test the assumption that a single MSA infl...

We present and analyze a Self Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) for the NP-complete problem of the travelling salesman (TSP): finding the shortest closed path joining N cities. Since the SOFM has discrete input patterns (the cities of the TSP) one can examine its dynamics analytically. We show that, with a particular choice of the distance function for the net, the energy associated to the SOFM has...

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), first formulated as a mathematical problem in 1930, has been receiving continuous and growing attention in artificial intelligence, computational mathematics and optimization in recent years. TSP can be described as follows: Given a set of cities, and known distances between each pair of cities, the salesman has to find a shortest possible tour that visits ...

religious tourism is one of the varieties of tourism that authorities in this filed , believe iran, due to its special cultural and religious capacities and geographical position , has an important role in developing religious tourism industry. one of the important factors that affects industry tourism, especially developing the religious one ,is the aerial transportation industry for the time ...

There is still limited understanding of key determinants of spatial spread of influenza. The 1918 pandemic provides an opportunity to elucidate spatial determinants of spread on a large scale. To better characterize the spread of the 1918 major wave, we fitted a range of city-to-city transmission models to mortality data collected for 246 population centres in England and Wales and 47 cities in...