There is little consensus on the effects of immigration on crime. One potential explanation for the conflicting evidence is heterogeneity across space and time in policies toward immigrants that affect their status in the community and their incentives to engage in illegal activity. In this paper, we take advantage of provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which gr...

The Extraordinary Magnetoresistance (EMR) effect is a change in the resistance of a device upon the application of a magnetic field in hybrid structures, consisting of a semiconductor and a metal. The underlying principle of this phenomenon is a change of the current path in the hybrid structure upon application of a magnetic field, due to the Lorentz force. Specifically, the ratio of current, ...

improving employment opportunities for people and reducing the economic burden on government requires a broad and concentrated effort on private sectors.  private sector growth is a key engine for creation jobs. the major advantage of private sector is its employment potential at low capital cost. these sectors are the nursery of entrepreurship, often driven by individual creativity and innovat...

iranian women's economic participation rate is similar to undeveloped countries, while their educational achievements can be compared with developed countries. the aim of this article is to discuss some of the factors related to the situation. according to the policies of third development plan, the rate of employment in government sector should decline and the opportunities for new employ...

Work is important both in maintaining mental health and in promoting the recovery of those who have experienced mental health problems. Enabling people to retain or gain employment has a profound effect on many areas of life and the costs of unemployment are high. Employment for individuals with mental illness gives opportunities for them to participate in society as active citizens, and barrie...

Unemployment rates have been persistently high, particularly for young labour market entrants. Rising access to education has increased the supply of high-skilled labour, but private sector mainly created jobs in low-skill intensive and low-productivity activities, leading high unemployment among tertiary graduates women. Moreover, professional training systems operate isolation from needs do n...

generally, studied villages as regard to the socioeconomic structure have not considerable development in comparison with their around structure due to functional area.  nowadays, regarding rural development, proceeding with economical analysis of geographical areas has a great position. considering the applied investigations, upon increasing the knowledge and literacy and scientific and practi...