The biological basis underlying differentiation of naive (NAI) T cells into effector (EFFE) and memory (MEM) cells is incompletely understood. Furthermore, whether NAI T cells serially differentiate into EFFE and then MEM cells (linear differentiation) or whether they concurrently differentiate into either EFFE or MEM cells (parallel differentiation) remains unresolved. We isolated NAI, EFFE, a...

We hypothesize that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (METH) interact with alpha-7 nicotinic receptors (nAChR). Here we examine whether memantine (MEM), an antagonist of NMDAR and alpha-7 nAChR, prevents MDMA and METH neurotoxicity. MEM prevented both serotonergic injury induced by MDMA in rat and dopaminergic lesion by METH in mice. MEM has a better protective effect...

Every day we receive lots of information through our senses that is lost forever, because it lacked the strength or the repetition needed to generate a lasting memory. Combining the emerging Internet of Things and lifelogging sensors, we believe it is possible to build up a Digital Memory (Dig-Mem) in order to complement the fallible memory of people. This work shows how to realize the Dig-Mem ...

Effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens rely on the generation and maintenance of memory CD8 T cells (T(mem)). Hitherto, evidence has indicated that CD8 T(mem) use the common γ-chain cytokine IL-15 for their steady-state maintenance in the absence of Ag. This evidence, however, has been amassed predominantly from models of acute, systemic infections. Given that the route of infection...

The sign problem is notorious in Monte Carlo simulations of lattice QCD with the finite density, lattice field theory (LFT) with a θ term and quantum spin models. In this report, to deal with the sign problem, we apply the maximum entropy method (MEM) to LFT with the θ term and investigate to what extent the MEM is applicable to this issue. Based on this study, we also make a brief comment abou...

Optical MEMS have the potential to drastically reduce the size and cost of digital communications and computation systems. However, the multiple technologies (optical, electrical, and mechanical) utilized in optical MEM systems has led to new challenges in the creation of computer aided design tools for these systems. This paper presents a system level opto-electro-mechanical CAD tool, Chatoyan...

Suramin is a polyanionic compound which has been used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), while preliminary success has been reported in the treatment of cancer. However, suramin also causes adrenal insufficiency. We have previously reported that suramin selectively inhibited corticotropin (ACTH)-stimulated corticosterone release by dispersed adren...

BACKGROUND The term middle ear myoclonus (mem) has been invoked to explain symptoms of tinnitus presumably caused by the dysfunctional movement of either of the two muscles that insert in the middle ear: tensor tympani and stapedius. MEM has been characterized through heterogeneous case reports in the otolaryngology literature, where clinical presentation is variable, phenomenology is scarcely ...