reviewing zoroastrian teachings and his religious beliefs reveals a chance to represent a type of ethical discourse in the majesty of kingdom. the starting point of such an ethical discourse can be traced back in theological beliefs and ethical wisdom of this first iranian theologian, so as in zoroastrian theological teachings a set of obligatory principles is provided to relatively organize po...

the extraordinary revolution in biotechnology has created new possibilities for curing disease and manipulating our genetic heritage. it is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal purposes. knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species, the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention of technology to manipulate and fix mutant genes provides methods to treat the disea...

1.1 Background Since Steven Abney's 1987 MIT dissertation, The English Noun Phrase in Its Sentential Aspect, the socalled DP Hypothesis has gained acceptance in the eld of Government and Binding (GB) syntax. This hypothesis proposes that a nominal expression is headed by a determiner that takes a noun phrase as its complement. The preexisting NP Hypothesis, on the other hand, diagrams nominal e...

allamah tabatabaei classifies the sciences based on his theory, “idrakat i’tibari” (conventional perceptions). according to this theory, the nature of the two perceptions, actual and conventional, are completely different. based on this theory, ethics is a conventional science; so, ethical propositions are described by the characteristics of conventional perception. in this essay, we have shown...

Formal clinical ethics review first developed in the USA and most hospitals there have structures in place. This is often a clinical ethics committee. Developments have been slower in the UK, where there has been uncertainty and variability about the role of clinical ethics committees. Even in the USA, their exact role is uncertain. Although we now have a good idea of the mechanisms for ethical...

Research ethics review is an important process, designed to protect participants in medical research. However, it is increasingly criticised for failing to meet its aims. Here, two researchers reflect on their experiences of applying for ethical approval of observational research in clinical settings. They highlight some problems faced by reviewers and researchers and propose a two-stage ethica...