the ngos are one of the most important state actors. due to useful functions of these organizations, the state has established and codified some regulations regarding their activity. this study sought to explain the issue and their activities in two legal systems of iran and france. in iranian legal system, some regulations exist regarding their foundation and activity which is a bit strict in ...

Digitalisation of medical data makes it possible to share images and workflows between related parties. In addition to linear data flow where healthcare professionals or patients are the information carriers, a new type of matrix of many-to-many connections is emerging. Implementation of shared workflow brings challenges of interoperability and legal clarity. Sharing images or workflows can be ...

It is the concern of the author to arrange cogitations and experiences she gained by collaborating in relevant international project works, by conducting scientific studies regarding legal knowledge representation and by teaching legal information retrieval. The main focus is the demonstration of problems of communication within and between humans and legal information systems, which are often ...

from the very beginning of the attempts made to organize electronic commerce in international field, the most important subject has been classification of electronic commerce under any legal systems of the organization, i.e. gatt, gats, trips or a combination of the provisions of the gatt and gats. the hybrid and trips systems did not have the required capacity for the subject matter both theor...

In this paper we describe a legal core ontology that is part of a generic architecture for legal knowledge systems, which will enable the interchange of knowledge between existing legal knowledge systems. This Legal Knowledge Interchange Format, is under development in the Estrella project and has two main roles: 1) the translation of legal knowledge bases written in different representation fo...

Medical ethics is a realm where four important subjects of philosophy, medicine, theology and law are covered. Physicians and philosophers cooperation in this area will have great efficiency in the respective ethical rules formation. In addition to respect the autonomy of the patient, physician's obligation is to ensure that the medical intervention has benefit for the patient and the harm is m...