water quality trading (wqt) is a novel framework for surface water quality management. this research studies the optimal waste load allocation (wla) in regard based on bod parameter in downstream of sefidrud river. for this purpose, the river is simulated by qual2kw software and the total maximum daily loads (tmdls) required are determined. the impact factors of pollutes are also specified usin...

We consider a pollution permits market in which there are a large polluting firm plays and a fringe of competitive firms. To smooth compliance towards the longrun emissions goal, firms are initially allocated a stock (i.e., bank) of permits to be gradually consumed. We first show how the large firm can credibly manipulate the spot market in subgame-perfect equilibrium. Motivated by features obs...

This article asks whether competition can ameliorate the consequences of cognitive error. Consumers differ cognitively, some being more prone to err (the “naive”) than others (the “sophisticated”). Competition among firms is analyzed with a search equilibrium model. Firms offer an exploitative contract or a naive contract to a consumer population partitioned in two ways: some consumers are soph...

There has been overwhelming interest in addressing water quality issues through the use of economic instruments. Much of this attention has focused on the cost efficiencies offered by Transferable Discharge Permit (TDP) systems. Unfortunately, the attempts to start up permit markets which are able to exploit abatement cost differences between sources have not met with the success expected. Two ...

Designing markets for pollution when damages vary across sources : Evidence from the NOx Budget Program. Existing and planned emissions trading programs are almost exclusively “emissions-based”, meaning that a permit can be used to o¤set a ton of pollution, regardless of where in the program region the ton is emitted. Designing programs in this way presumes that the health and environmental dam...

Reclamation and reuse programs are an indispensable part of integrated water resource management, particularly in arid and semi arid regions. Yet, the feasibility of sustainable application not only is relied on design, operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants, but also could be influenced by the economical and environmental aspects of reuse demands. This study is aimed to illus...

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses we...