this study aimed at identifying and analyzing issues and challenges on the agricultural research and technology development under the national innovation framework. the survey consisted of two groups: agricultural researchers of agriculture-research and education organization and all faculty members of public agricultural faculties of ministry of scientific, research and technology. using cochr...

virtual technology can be a useful tool for designing models of healthy urban environments. the resilience and sustainability in any urban environment involves the establishment and maintenance of the health of its citizens. the well-being of youth, the future workforce of every society, is a highly important consideration in the design of cities. cities are only truly sustainable when the work...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the history of health technology assessment (HTA) in France. METHODS The approach was a descriptive review done by people who have been very much involved in this history. RESULTS The interest in HTA and evaluation as a tool for health decision making goes back to the 1970s in France. During the 1980s, there were several attempts to develop a...

OBJECTIVES This study is to review health technology assessment (HTA) development in China during the past two decades, and to facilitate further development of HTA and its integration into policy making. METHODS The study depends very much on the extensive experiences of the authors in involvement of HTA in China. In addition, literature review and Web site searching have been used to trace ...

OBJECTIVES To describe how Lithuania is attempting to develop health technology assessment (HTA) structures. METHODS The case study of the history of development of HTA in Lithuania is presented. RESULTS Historical steps of HTA development are as follows: in 1993, a few conferences on HTA; eight people were trained in Sweden at SBU; the book First Steps of HTA in Lithuania (5) was issued to...

Background New technologies constitute an important cost-driver in healthcare, but the dynamics that lead to their emergence remains poorly understood from a health policy standpoint. The goal of this paper is to clarify how entrepreneurs, investors, and regulatory agencies influence the value of emerging health technologies.   Methods Our 5-year qualitative research program examined the proces...

iran's health system is in the serious need of reconstructing its infrastructures, a significant part of which is health technologies. an untapped market of 80 million people will be open to technologies of the world through iran's entry to post-sanctions era. health technology assessment projects date back to nearly eight years ago in iran. however, given the current circumstances, its applica...